- Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Theories Of Learning
- Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Of 1692 Causes
- Salem Witch Hysteria Causes
- Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Theories Of Learning Emphasize
Oct 28, 2016 - Early on, the Salem witch trials disappeared from the record; a hush. Gender did play a vital role in the hysteria. Steel and lace pdf download. Theory nevertheless continues to pop up in articles about Salem. Learn more about WP BrandStudio. The Salem Witch Trials were one of the most famous cases of mass hysteria, caused by a lethal collision of the cult beliefs of the Puritans and the group hysteria caused by convulsive ergotism. Transform Learning through Computational Thinking As technology advances, it is crucial we educate students to succeed in a computational world. Explore the Ignite My Future in School resources to start effectively engaging students with the foundations of computational thinking across core subject areas TODAY. An Account of Events in Salem by Douglas O. Linder (last update: 9/2009) From June through September of 1692, nineteen men and women, all having been convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging. The Salem witch trials were certainly a bizarre sequence of events, and numerous theories have been proposed to attempt to explain them. Historians have tended to propose that the girls supposedly afflicted with “distempers” were frauds or hysterics, but many doubt these theories.
Architecte 3d platinum 2015 crack spreadsheet. When Linnda Caporael began nosing into the Salem witch trials as a college student in the early 1970s, she had no idea that a common grain fungus might be responsible for the terrible events of 1692. But then the pieces began to fall into place. Caporael, now a behavioral psychologist at New York’s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, soon noticed a link between the strange symptoms reported by Salem’s accusers, chiefly eight young women, and the hallucinogenic effects of drugs like LSD.
LSD is a derivative of ergot, a fungus that affects rye grain. Ergotism — ergot poisoning — had indeed been implicated in other outbreaks of bizarre behavior, such as the one that afflicted the small French town of Pont-Saint-Esprit in 1951. But could ergot actually have been the culprit?
Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Theories Of Learning
Did it have the means and the opportunity to wreak havoc in Salem? Caporael’s sleuthing, with the help of science, provided the answers. Ergotism is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which affects rye, wheat and other cereal grasses. When first infected, the flowering head of a grain will spew out sweet, yellow-colored mucus, called “honey dew,” which contains fungal spores that can spread the disease.
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Eventually, the fungus invades the developing kernels of grain, taking them over with a network of filaments that turn the grains into purplish-black sclerotia. Sclerotia can be mistaken for large, discolored grains of rye. Within them are potent chemicals: ergot alkaloids, including lysergic acid (from which LSD is made) and ergotamine (now used to treat migraine headaches). The alkaloids affect the central nervous system and cause the contraction of smooth muscle — the muscles that make up the walls of veins and arteries, as well as the internal organs. Toxicologists now know that eating ergot-contaminated food can lead to a convulsive disorder characterized by violent muscle spasms, vomiting, delusions, hallucinations, crawling sensations on the skin, and a host of other symptoms — all of which, Linnda Caporael noted, are present in the records of the Salem witchcraft trials.
Ergot thrives in warm, damp, rainy springs and summers. When Caporael examined the diaries of Salem residents, she found that those exact conditions had been present in 1691. Nearly all of the accusers lived in the western section of Salem village, a region of swampy meadows that would have been prime breeding ground for the fungus. At that time, rye was the staple grain of Salem. The rye crop consumed in the winter of 1691-1692 — when the first unusual symptoms began to be reported — could easily have been contaminated by large quantities of ergot. The summer of 1692, however, was dry, which could explain the abrupt end of the “bewitchments.” These and other clues built up into a circumstantial case against ergot that Caporael found impossible to ignore.
Linnda Caporael Behavioral Psychologist“I had one of those standard senior problems where you are going for graduation check-out and find you are missing a critical course. Mine was a history course. I enrolled in one, and had to immediately write a paper, which I decided to do on Anne Putnam because I’d seen Arthur Miller’s play THE CRUCIBLE. My goal was to demonstrate that women could be as wicked as men. As I began researching, I remember having one of those kind of ‘ah-hah!’ experiences, where I was reading a book in which the author said he was at a loss to explain the hallucinations of all these people in Salem. It was that word ‘hallucinations’ that made everything click.
Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Of 1692 Causes
Years and years ago, when I was a little kid, I had read about the French case of ergot poisoning, and I made the connection between the two.” “The curious thing is that I went back recently to take a look at that reference and the author doesn’t use the word hallucination at all. I must have hallucinated the word as much as anything else! Now I’m not too sure what the click actually was, but something said to me ‘maybe it could be ergot poisoning.' ” Her detective work, first published 25 years ago, brought Caporael instant fame, worldwide recognition — even a front-page story in THE NEW YORK TIMES. That’s quite a heavy load for a student. “When it first came out it was quite sensational,” Caporael recalls.
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Salem Witch Hysteria Causes
“I sort of thought that was my 15 minutes of fame and went on to do my more usual work.” But the allure of the trials and Caporael’s intriguing explanation — that the “bewitched” accusers of Salem had in fact suffered hallucinations, convulsions, bizarre skin sensations and other unusual symptoms because they’d been poisoned by a crop of fungus-infested rye — is still fascinating 25 years later. Caporael sees the allure. “It has all the elements of a good mystery story. I’d never worked on a project that was as well defined — we were talking about one event at one particular point in time,” she says. “Plus, it was a lot of fun to do!” Although she has long since moved on to other work, Caporael keeps her nose in the ergotism case file, following research that suggests the role of ergot in other historical events. She doesn’t buy into all of them.
Salem Witch Trials Hysteria Theories Of Learning Emphasize
“Some of these ideas are skating on thin ice,” she says, such as the theory that ergot poisoning may have influenced the outcome of the French Revolution. “I do think there is a lot of work that can be done on the historical incidence of ergot, but not all of these cases will end up being ergot poisoning. Many of them could be attributed to the same kind of mass hysteria hypothesis that described Salem at one time.” Ergot poisoning can’t even explain all of the events at Salem, Caporael concedes. Some of the behaviors exhibited by the witch accusers probably were the result of mass hysteria — or outright fakery. “At the end of June and the beginning of July, 1692, I think there was more imagination than ergot.